Elements of Interior Lighting Design_Part I

Elements and techniques of interior lighting and lighting design: Three types of lighting for room decoration, namely, centralized light source, auxiliary light source, and general-illuminated light source, are indispensable, and should be used in cross combination. The brightness ratio is about 5:3:1. This article conducts a detailed analysis of residential lighting, commercial lighting and office lighting, and gives solutions to various design elements.

 

 The Golden Rule of Three Light Sources

There are three kinds of lighting for room decoration, namely, centralized light source, auxiliary light source, and general illumination light source. All of them are indispensable and should be used in cross combination. The brightness ratio is about 5:3:1.

 

Concentrated light source: The light of the concentrated light source is a direct light, which illuminates a certain limited area with concentrated direct light, so that you can see the action in progress more clearly, especially during work, reading, cooking, and dining. A centralized light source is required. Because the shape of the lampshade and the position of the lamp determine the size of the beam, the direct spot lamp is usually equipped with a cover or cooling air hole, and the lampshade is an opaque lamp, such as spotlights, track lights, and work lights.

Auxiliary light source: The concentrated light source has a large illuminance. If the eyes are in this environment for a long time, it is easy to feel tired. At this time, you need auxiliary light sources, such as standing lights, book lights, etc., to adjust the light difference in the room, so that you can My eyes feel comfortable. The light of the auxiliary light source is a diffuse light, and the light that it spreads to all corners of the house is the same. Generally speaking, lamps with diffuse light should be used together with direct lamps.

Universal light source: The ceiling light is the universal light source. Usually it is the main light in the house, also known as the background light. It can raise the indoor light source to a certain brightness and provide the same light to the entire room, so it will not produce obvious There is no serious contrast between the shadows, where the light shines and where it does not shine. But because it must be used with other lights, it should not be very bright. Compared with other light sources in the home, it has the lowest brightness.

 

In short, this set of “the golden rule of 5:3:1 lamp”, the so-called “5” refers to the concentrated light with the strongest brightness, such as a projection lamp; “3” refers to the auxiliary type that gives people a soft feeling Light source; “1” is the light source that provides the most basic lighting for the entire room.

Use the Light to Change the Color of the Room

It is important to scientifically master the basic knowledge of light and color. Combining the size of the space, the combination of furniture, the functional requirements of various rooms and the mutual matching of light and dark tones, etc., carefully designed and arranged will add infinite interest and many unexpected artistic effects to the living room.

 

Commonly used lamps have cold and warm colors, which can be used to adjust people’s perception of indoor light colors. For example, if you install a warm-toned incandescent lamp in the middle of the room, plus a beautifully-shaped milky white translucent glass cover, the light it emits is warm, bright, peaceful and quiet, giving people an elegant and fresh feeling. If the cool-toned white light is used for the reflective lighting treatment in the form of dark light, it can make the low room or small room appear bright and open.

Changes in Light

The wall color of the living room has a close relationship with the lighting effect. If the indoor wall is blue or green, it is not suitable to use fluorescent lamps, but should choose the yellow light with a sense of sunlight as the main tone, so that it can give people a sense of warmth. If the wall is light yellow or beige, you can use a colder fluorescent lamp. Because yellow has the shortest reflection line for cold light sources, it does not irritate people’s eyes. If a set of chestnut or brown furniture is placed in the room, it is appropriate to use yellow light to form a broad atmosphere.

If you paint the ceiling with an elegant cool color and install dark lights around the ceiling, it will make people feel that the ceiling has risen a lot. Using full-circle lighting indoors has a better sense of space than direct lighting. The use of ceiling lights will also make the room deep and open, and full of modernity. Some people use specially made positive landscape color photos, equipped with dark box lights embedded in the wall, will also expand the room’s field of vision. If this kind of picture mirror is used on a darker wall indoors, it will make people feel that this wall has another window open, which is extraordinarily bright and has a pleasant view.

In modern room settings, milky white and light yellow table lamps are often used to decorate and adjust the lighting at the corners of the wall, so that the corners with extremely poor lighting will become radiant and unique.

Residential Lighting

Residential lighting should use incandescent lamps and rare earth energy-saving fluorescent lamps as the main lighting source.

 

The residential lighting design should make the indoor light environment practical and comfortable. Low color temperature light sources should be used in bedrooms and dining rooms.

 

The lighting in the living room should consider the requirements of multi-functional use, such as setting up general lighting, decorative lighting, floor lamps, etc. Sometimes dimming devices can be set in the living room to meet the needs of different functions.

 

The local lighting of the restaurant should use hanging lamps to highlight the effect of the dining table. At the same time, general lighting should be set to make the whole room have a certain degree of brightness and show a sense of cleanliness.

 

Kitchen lamps should be of easy-to-clean types, such as glass or enamel lampshades with moisture-proof lamp sockets, and should be consistent with or similar to the color rendering of the lighting source used in the restaurant.

 

The entrance hall is the place where you enter the room to give the first impression, so it should be bright, and the location of the lamps should be considered at the junction of the entrance and the interior, so as to avoid shadows on the visitor’s face.

 

Putting lights on the cabinets or walls in the hall will create a sense of spaciousness in the hall.

 

The lighting in the corridor should be placed at the entrance and exit of the room, closets, especially the starting and directional positions of the stairs. When setting the chandelier, the lower end of the lighting should be above 1.9M from the ground. Stairs should be brightly illuminated to avoid danger.

 

The bathroom needs bright and soft light. Because the illuminator in the bathroom is frequently switched on and off, it is more appropriate to choose an incandescent lamp as the light source.

The position of the lamp in the bathroom should be avoided to be installed on or behind the toilet or bathtub. If the switch is a rocker type, it should be installed outside the bathroom door, otherwise, a moisture-proof and waterproof panel or a pull-wire switch operated with an insulating rope should be used.

 

The lighting fixtures in the toilet should be installed above the front of the toilet.

 

The arrangement of lights and power sockets of separable residential (apartment) units should be adapted to the changes when the light wall is arbitrarily divided. Hanging sockets can be set on the ceiling, and decorative multifunctional wire troughs can be used, or lighting fixtures and electrical installations can be combined with furniture and walls.

 

The square halls, passages and toilets in high-end residences (apartments) should adopt rocker switches with indicator lights.

 

When a monitor is provided for prevention, its function should be linked with the channel lighting and alarm bell in the unit.

 

The staircase lights of the apartment should be combined with the display of the number of floors, and the public lighting can be controlled centrally in the management room. For high-rise residential stair lights, if the timing switch is used, the flow energy should be limited and forced to switch to a high point state in the event of an accident.

 

The general lighting and sockets in each house should be wired separately. In addition to overload and short-circuit protection, the branch circuit of each household should be equipped with leakage protection and protective devices with over-voltage and under-voltage protection in the socket circuit.

 

Fluorescent lamps should be used as the lighting source for single dormitories, and the lamps should be arranged perpendicular to the exterior windows. Each indoor socket should not be less than 2 groups. When conditions permit, limit appliances can be used to control the power load of each room or other power limit measures can be adopted. There should also be sockets in the public room.

Scientific Selection of Electric Light Sources

The scientific selection of electric light sources is the primary issue of lighting and energy saving. At present, the luminous efficiency, lifespan, and color rendering performance of electric light sources produced by major economies in the world are constantly improving, and energy-saving electric light sources continue to emerge.

The light-emitting principle of electric light sources can be divided into three categories. One type is thermal radiation electric light sources, such as incandescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps, etc., and the second type is gas discharge light sources, such as mercury lamps, sodium lamps, nitrogen lamps, metal halide lamps, etc. The third category is the most cutting-edge achievement in the lighting field-LED lights.

The luminous efficiency of various electric light sources is quite different, and the gas discharge light source is much higher than the thermal radiation electric light source. Under normal circumstances, the gas discharge light source and the thermal radiation electric light source can be gradually replaced with LED lights, and the high luminous efficiency LED light source should be used as much as possible.

High-pressure sodium lighting is 8-10 times that of incandescent lamps, with long life, stable characteristics and high luminous maintenance. It is suitable for lighting in places such as roads, squares, docks and indoor tall factories and warehouses with low color rendering requirements. .

 

The metal halide lamp has the characteristics of high luminous efficiency, good color rendering and high power, and is suitable for large-area lighting places such as theaters and assembly workshops.

 

Fluorescent lamps save 70% of electricity compared to incandescent lamps, and are suitable for indoor lighting in offices, dormitories, and workshops with ceiling heights less than 5 meters. The luminous efficiency of the compact fluorescent lamp is 5% higher than that of the ordinary fluorescent lamp, and the thin tube fluorescent lamp saves 10% of the electricity compared with the ordinary fluorescent lamp.

And LED lights save more than 80% of electricity than fluorescent lights. Therefore, LED lights are the most efficient and energy-saving electric light source introduced in the implementation of the “Green Lighting Project” today.

 

In the case of frequent switching, small area, and low lighting requirements, LED downlights can be used. The size and power of the downlight can be selected according to needs.

(To Be Continued)